Research
For an updated list of publications, please visit my Google Scholar profile.
NOTE: This directory may contains links or pdf/ps files of articles that may be covered by copyright. You may browse the articles at your convenience, in the same spirit as you may read a journal or a proceedings article in a public library. Retrieving, copying, or distributing these files may violate copyright protection laws.
Journal Articles
Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.; Kalavakonda, Rohan Reddy; Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Bhunia, Swarup
Pasteables: A Flexible and Smart “Stick-and-Peel” Wearable Platform for Fitness and Athletics Journal Article
In: IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 17-27, 2024, ISSN: 2162-2256.
@article{DP2024Pasteables,
title = {Pasteables: A Flexible and Smart “Stick-and-Peel” Wearable Platform for Fitness and Athletics},
author = {Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis and Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda and Prabuddha Chakraborty and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2022.3158044},
doi = {10.1109/MCE.2022.3158044},
issn = {2162-2256},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-11-01},
urldate = {2024-11-01},
journal = {IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {17-27},
abstract = {Wearable technologies, such as smartwatches and health monitoring bands, are becoming increasingly popular and transforming our fitness and sports industry. Monitoring health parameters and body activity can help achieve fitness goals, improve sports performance, and aid in physiotherapy. However, state-of-the-art wearable devices are often not flexible (i.e., targeted to a specific use case), expensive, hard to setup, or have privacy concerns. They are designed and optimized for a specific application with tight hardware–software integration, and it is hard or impossible to repurpose them for diverse use cases. In this article, we propose a flexible, reconfigurable human body movement and health monitoring platform, called “Pasteables.” It is a stick-and-peel device (which acts like a band-aid) that attaches to the skin or clothing and can create an on-body network of smart wearables. Given an application, Pasteables can be easily adapted to its requirements while ensuring good performance and privacy. We present the overall architecture, system design steps, and the configuration process. We have designed a set of functional prototypes and configured them for performing a variety of cameraless pose and posture detection tasks, which are important for athletes, professional dancing, physiotherapy, and fitness workouts. We note that the Pasteables can perform pose/posture detection without external stationary reference at low cost and high accuracy.},
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Wearable technologies, such as smartwatches and health monitoring bands, are becoming increasingly popular and transforming our fitness and sports industry. Monitoring health parameters and body activity can help achieve fitness goals, improve sports performance, and aid in physiotherapy. However, state-of-the-art wearable devices are often not flexible (i.e., targeted to a specific use case), expensive, hard to setup, or have privacy concerns. They are designed and optimized for a specific application with tight hardware–software integration, and it is hard or impossible to repurpose them for diverse use cases. In this article, we propose a flexible, reconfigurable human body movement and health monitoring platform, called “Pasteables.” It is a stick-and-peel device (which acts like a band-aid) that attaches to the skin or clothing and can create an on-body network of smart wearables. Given an application, Pasteables can be easily adapted to its requirements while ensuring good performance and privacy. We present the overall architecture, system design steps, and the configuration process. We have designed a set of functional prototypes and configured them for performing a variety of cameraless pose and posture detection tasks, which are important for athletes, professional dancing, physiotherapy, and fitness workouts. We note that the Pasteables can perform pose/posture detection without external stationary reference at low cost and high accuracy.
Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.; Bhunia, Swarup
SAVIOR: A Sustainable Network of Vehicles with Near-Perpetual Mobility Journal Article
In: IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 108-114, 2023, ISSN: 2576-3199.
@article{Chakraborty2023SAVIOR,
title = {SAVIOR: A Sustainable Network of Vehicles with Near-Perpetual Mobility},
author = {Prabuddha Chakraborty and Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IOTM.001.2200201},
doi = {10.1109/IOTM.001.2200201},
issn = {2576-3199},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-01},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Magazine},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {108-114},
abstract = {Switching to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) can have a significant positive impact on our environment. However, the adoption of BEVs is vastly impeded by battery-related concerns, such as limited travel range, long charging time, high purchasing cost (battery-induced) and lack of charging stations. Additionally, it is very expensive to build a large infrastructure of fast charging stations that can cater to a full-scale BEV fleet. Alternative solutions, such as charging from the road and BEV-to-BEV stationary charge sharing, have been proposed to counteract range anxiety, but they are mostly ineffective and suffer from scalability issues. In this article, we present SAVIOR, an innovative Internet-of-Things (IoT) framework for replenishing BEV batteries on-the-go with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile charging stations (MoCS). This will allow rapid BEV battery replenishment, eliminating the need for BEVs to make prolonged and pre-planned halts for re-charging. We also observe that package delivery UAVs can utilize this framework to make long-distance trips with the help of mobile charging stations and BEVs. We quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of such a framework through a simulation platform that we have developed. There is a drastic improvement in the mobility of BEVs and UAVs. Through statistical analysis, we also observe that greenhouse gas emissions (even for BEVs and UAVs) can be significantly reduced by SAVIOR if the MoCS are powered by renewable energy sources (e.g., solar).},
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Switching to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) can have a significant positive impact on our environment. However, the adoption of BEVs is vastly impeded by battery-related concerns, such as limited travel range, long charging time, high purchasing cost (battery-induced) and lack of charging stations. Additionally, it is very expensive to build a large infrastructure of fast charging stations that can cater to a full-scale BEV fleet. Alternative solutions, such as charging from the road and BEV-to-BEV stationary charge sharing, have been proposed to counteract range anxiety, but they are mostly ineffective and suffer from scalability issues. In this article, we present SAVIOR, an innovative Internet-of-Things (IoT) framework for replenishing BEV batteries on-the-go with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile charging stations (MoCS). This will allow rapid BEV battery replenishment, eliminating the need for BEVs to make prolonged and pre-planned halts for re-charging. We also observe that package delivery UAVs can utilize this framework to make long-distance trips with the help of mobile charging stations and BEVs. We quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of such a framework through a simulation platform that we have developed. There is a drastic improvement in the mobility of BEVs and UAVs. Through statistical analysis, we also observe that greenhouse gas emissions (even for BEVs and UAVs) can be significantly reduced by SAVIOR if the MoCS are powered by renewable energy sources (e.g., solar).
Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.; Bhunia, Swarup
ARTS: A Framework for AI-Rooted IoT System Design Automation Journal Article
In: IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 151-154, 2022, ISSN: 1943-0671.
@article{Chakraborty2022ARTS,
title = {ARTS: A Framework for AI-Rooted IoT System Design Automation},
author = {Prabuddha Chakraborty and Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2022.3158565},
doi = {10.1109/LES.2022.3158565},
issn = {1943-0671},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Embedded Systems Letters},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {151-154},
abstract = {IoT systems are used for performing a variety of essential tasks in wide-ranging sectors, such as healthcare, smart cities, agriculture, and industrial automation. Most of these systems incorporate smartness for intelligent decision making using artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. To reduce the network bandwidth usage and load on the cloud server, there is a push to relegate most of these AI-related computations to edge IoT devices/systems. Hence, to ensure good performance, the edge devices must be systematically designed with an emphasis on the respective AI requirements from exploration to deployment. State-of-the-art IoT device and system design practices place little importance on the AI specifications during the early stages of the system development resulting in systems, which are unable to meet the AI specifications without additional redesigning and optimization efforts. In this letter, we propose an automated framework for AI-rooted IoT system design approach, where the AI specifications play a vital role in deciding the system components, design, and implementation from a very early stage of the design life cycle. The proposed framework employs an expert system and a machine-readable knowledge-base to automate the design process. Using a set of case studies, we demonstrate the benefits of the proposed framework. url=https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2022.3158565},
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IoT systems are used for performing a variety of essential tasks in wide-ranging sectors, such as healthcare, smart cities, agriculture, and industrial automation. Most of these systems incorporate smartness for intelligent decision making using artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. To reduce the network bandwidth usage and load on the cloud server, there is a push to relegate most of these AI-related computations to edge IoT devices/systems. Hence, to ensure good performance, the edge devices must be systematically designed with an emphasis on the respective AI requirements from exploration to deployment. State-of-the-art IoT device and system design practices place little importance on the AI specifications during the early stages of the system development resulting in systems, which are unable to meet the AI specifications without additional redesigning and optimization efforts. In this letter, we propose an automated framework for AI-rooted IoT system design approach, where the AI specifications play a vital role in deciding the system components, design, and implementation from a very early stage of the design life cycle. The proposed framework employs an expert system and a machine-readable knowledge-base to automate the design process. Using a set of case studies, we demonstrate the benefits of the proposed framework. url=https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2022.3158565
Kalavakonda, Rohan Reddy; Anbu, Praveen; Masna, Naren Vikram Raj; Dizon, Reiner; Ravi, Bhagawat Baanav Yedla; Mandal, Soumyajit; Bhunia, Swarup
MASI: A Novel Combination of Mask and Shield With Near-N95 Efficiency Journal Article
In: IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 23129-23136, 2022.
@article{kalav2022MASI,
title = {MASI: A Novel Combination of Mask and Shield With Near-N95 Efficiency},
author = {Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda and Praveen Anbu and Naren Vikram Raj Masna and Reiner Dizon and Bhagawat Baanav Yedla Ravi and Soumyajit Mandal and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3211762},
doi = {10.1109/JSEN.2022.3211762},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Sensors Journal},
volume = {22},
number = {23},
pages = {23129-23136},
abstract = {Mask wearing has become critical for preventing the aerosolization and inhalation of virus-laden particles during the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. However, facial masks with effective filtration are either not readily accessible (e.g., N95) or have reduced filtration efficiency due to air gaps between the mask and the wearer (e.g., cloth masks). We have developed a novel combination of a mask and a shield named mask and shield integrated (MASI) that provides nearly the same levels of protection as an N95 mask by addressing these issues. Magnetic latches reduce gaps between the mask and the wearer, while a novel fin structure on the shield provides protection against floating particles. A series of experiments was performed to study the MASI’s efficacy in both eliminating mask gaps and also providing N95-like filtration efficiency. The MASI was found to solve both problems, thus providing a low-cost mask solution that can be applied to a broad range of environments to prevent inhalation of small airborne particles.},
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Mask wearing has become critical for preventing the aerosolization and inhalation of virus-laden particles during the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. However, facial masks with effective filtration are either not readily accessible (e.g., N95) or have reduced filtration efficiency due to air gaps between the mask and the wearer (e.g., cloth masks). We have developed a novel combination of a mask and a shield named mask and shield integrated (MASI) that provides nearly the same levels of protection as an N95 mask by addressing these issues. Magnetic latches reduce gaps between the mask and the wearer, while a novel fin structure on the shield provides protection against floating particles. A series of experiments was performed to study the MASI’s efficacy in both eliminating mask gaps and also providing N95-like filtration efficiency. The MASI was found to solve both problems, thus providing a low-cost mask solution that can be applied to a broad range of environments to prevent inhalation of small airborne particles.
Proceedings Articles
Zhu, Mengdi; Wilson, Ronald; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.; Dizon-Paradis, Olivia P.; Forte, Domenic J.; Woodard, Damon L.
Genetic Algorithm-Assisted Golden-Free Standard Cell Library Extraction from SEM Images Proceedings Article
In: 2025 26th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), pp. 1-8, 2025, ISSN: 1948-3295.
@inproceedings{Zhu2025Genetic,
title = {Genetic Algorithm-Assisted Golden-Free Standard Cell Library Extraction from SEM Images},
author = {Mengdi Zhu and Ronald Wilson and Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis and Olivia P. Dizon-Paradis and Domenic J. Forte and Damon L. Woodard},
doi = {10.1109/ISQED65160.2025.11014403},
issn = {1948-3295},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-04-01},
booktitle = {2025 26th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)},
pages = {1-8},
abstract = {Reverse Engineering (RE) of Integrated Circuits (ICs) involves studying an IC to comprehend its design, structure, and functionality. This process often entails identifying the key components within the design layout, frequently utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM) images due to their high resolution, which offers detailed views of the IC's layers. However, current approaches in IC RE generally assume access to a standard cell library for the transition from layout to netlist for functional verification, which is not always available. To overcome this limitation, we propose a golden-free automated pipeline for extracting the standard cell library from SEM layout images. Our method has achieved over 85% detection rate on the AES and DES design layouts in both 90nm and 32nm technology nodes, compared to the golden reference, by relying solely on information from the contact layer. This finding highlights the potential of our approach to efficiently detect standard cells in complex layouts by focusing on the most relevant and distinctive features of the design. The source code for the proposed pipeline can be accessed here1.},
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Reverse Engineering (RE) of Integrated Circuits (ICs) involves studying an IC to comprehend its design, structure, and functionality. This process often entails identifying the key components within the design layout, frequently utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM) images due to their high resolution, which offers detailed views of the IC’s layers. However, current approaches in IC RE generally assume access to a standard cell library for the transition from layout to netlist for functional verification, which is not always available. To overcome this limitation, we propose a golden-free automated pipeline for extracting the standard cell library from SEM layout images. Our method has achieved over 85% detection rate on the AES and DES design layouts in both 90nm and 32nm technology nodes, compared to the golden reference, by relying solely on information from the contact layer. This finding highlights the potential of our approach to efficiently detect standard cells in complex layouts by focusing on the most relevant and distinctive features of the design. The source code for the proposed pipeline can be accessed here1.
Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.; Ferrigno, Oliver; Reid, Ishamor; Bhunia, Swarup
Light Pollution Monitoring Using A Modular IoT Sensor Platform Proceedings Article
In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT), pp. 28-35, IEEE, 2022, ISSN: 2770-2677.
@inproceedings{DP2022Light,
title = {Light Pollution Monitoring Using A Modular IoT Sensor Platform},
author = {Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis and Oliver Ferrigno and Ishamor Reid and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartIoT55134.2022.00014},
doi = {10.1109/SmartIoT55134.2022.00014},
issn = {2770-2677},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
urldate = {2022-08-01},
booktitle = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT)},
pages = {28-35},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Light pollution, caused by indiscriminate use of artificial lighting at night, is a growing threat to astronomy, the environment, and other fields. Monitoring light pollution can help inform local communities on its impact on their environment, especially nocturnal plants and animals, such as sea turtles. However, existing systems for light pollution monitoring are expensive, non-scalable, and uni-directional, while others are inaccurate and cannot be deployed at a large scale. In this paper, we propose a modular IoT sensor platform called Pasteables with reconfigurable and easily replaceable components. We tailor this sensor platform to use many of the sensors related to monitoring light pollution. It builds upon our previous work that shares the idea of a generic modular sensing platform. Unlike the previous work, we created new designs for the Components for Uniform Interface (CUI) with sensors, including light sensor, temperature/pressure sensor, and GPS. We fabricated PCB proto-types of this Pasteables platform using FR-4 material and surface mount components. Each CUI connects to the base pad using edge connectors to make the CUIs reconfigurable during installation. With these prototypes, we evaluated its responsiveness and sensitivity at two different locations of varying heights for the light source against the least expensive existing solution.},
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Light pollution, caused by indiscriminate use of artificial lighting at night, is a growing threat to astronomy, the environment, and other fields. Monitoring light pollution can help inform local communities on its impact on their environment, especially nocturnal plants and animals, such as sea turtles. However, existing systems for light pollution monitoring are expensive, non-scalable, and uni-directional, while others are inaccurate and cannot be deployed at a large scale. In this paper, we propose a modular IoT sensor platform called Pasteables with reconfigurable and easily replaceable components. We tailor this sensor platform to use many of the sensors related to monitoring light pollution. It builds upon our previous work that shares the idea of a generic modular sensing platform. Unlike the previous work, we created new designs for the Components for Uniform Interface (CUI) with sensors, including light sensor, temperature/pressure sensor, and GPS. We fabricated PCB proto-types of this Pasteables platform using FR-4 material and surface mount components. Each CUI connects to the base pad using edge connectors to make the CUIs reconfigurable during installation. With these prototypes, we evaluated its responsiveness and sensitivity at two different locations of varying heights for the light source against the least expensive existing solution.
Masna, Naren Vikram Raj; Kalavakonda, Rohan Reddy; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.; Bhunia, Swarup
Smart and Connected Mask for Protection beyond the Pandemic : (Invited Paper) Proceedings Article
In: 2021 IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), pp. 676-679, 2021.
@inproceedings{Masna2021Smart,
title = {Smart and Connected Mask for Protection beyond the Pandemic : (Invited Paper)},
author = {Naren Vikram Raj Masna and Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda and Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS47672.2021.9531802},
doi = {10.1109/MWSCAS47672.2021.9531802},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-08-01},
booktitle = {2021 IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)},
pages = {676-679},
abstract = {The rapid spread of COVID-19 prompted many to take precautions to control the transmission of the virus. The most crucial of these is face coverings, such as face masks, as the virus is an airborne pathogen capable of transmission via respiratory droplets. While there are developments in smart mask technologies, they only provide passive protection through filtration and internal decontamination against the virus. This paper describes a new approach to smart mask technology that actively monitors for airborne pathogens using a PM sensor and reduces the wearer’s exposure to them by an active mitigation strategy. This strategy involves using a mist spray to increase the pathogen’s particle size, which reduces their ability to linger in the air. This system can be controlled wirelessly via a mobile application, which also displays the monitoring data. Deployment areas of this smart mask include classrooms, hospitals, and workspaces. Our experimental results demonstrate that increasing droplet sizes reduces the settling time for pathogens. Our future work includes a more precise detection of pathogens and improvements in deploying mitigation using fine-grained analysis about the aerosol and artificial intelligence.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The rapid spread of COVID-19 prompted many to take precautions to control the transmission of the virus. The most crucial of these is face coverings, such as face masks, as the virus is an airborne pathogen capable of transmission via respiratory droplets. While there are developments in smart mask technologies, they only provide passive protection through filtration and internal decontamination against the virus. This paper describes a new approach to smart mask technology that actively monitors for airborne pathogens using a PM sensor and reduces the wearer’s exposure to them by an active mitigation strategy. This strategy involves using a mist spray to increase the pathogen’s particle size, which reduces their ability to linger in the air. This system can be controlled wirelessly via a mobile application, which also displays the monitoring data. Deployment areas of this smart mask include classrooms, hospitals, and workspaces. Our experimental results demonstrate that increasing droplet sizes reduces the settling time for pathogens. Our future work includes a more precise detection of pathogens and improvements in deploying mitigation using fine-grained analysis about the aerosol and artificial intelligence.
Dizon, Reiner; Solis, Angel; Essaqi, Ameera; Isaacs, Michael; McKenna, Austin; Gibbs, Allen; Lee, David; Harris, Sarah L.
Fly Roller: Development of an Instrument to Exercise Fruit Flies Proceedings Article
In: 17th International Conference on Information Technology–New Generations (ITNG 2020), pp. 445–451, Springer International Publishing, 2020.
@inproceedings{Dizon2020Fly,
title = {Fly Roller: Development of an Instrument to Exercise Fruit Flies},
author = {Reiner Dizon and Angel Solis and Ameera Essaqi and Michael Isaacs and Austin McKenna and Allen Gibbs and David Lee and Sarah L. Harris},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43020-7_59},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-43020-7_59},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {17th International Conference on Information Technology–New Generations (ITNG 2020)},
pages = {445–451},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
abstract = {Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are a widely studied model species for addressing basic and applied biological questions, including the obesity epidemic (Hardy, Physiology and genetics of starvation-selected $$ backslashhbar $$. Las Vegas: Digital Scholarship@UNLV, 2016). Biologists investigate the effects of obesity through studying the physiology and behavior of normal and obese flies in response to exercise, diet, and other experimental conditions. In this paper, we propose an instrument, called ``Fly Roller'', for exercising flies in biological experiments with or without measurement of metabolic rate. Fly Roller comprises two parts: a roller mechanism and a controller circuit. The roller mechanism supports and slowly rotates a plastic tube containing fruit flies, which reflexively walk along the inner wall of the tube. When metabolic measurements are desired, a gas analyzer can be coupled to a modified tube design with air valves at the ends of the tube, allowing the air lines to remain stationary in low-friction bearings while the tube containing the flies is rotated.},
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Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are a widely studied model species for addressing basic and applied biological questions, including the obesity epidemic (Hardy, Physiology and genetics of starvation-selected $$ backslashhbar $$. Las Vegas: Digital Scholarship@UNLV, 2016). Biologists investigate the effects of obesity through studying the physiology and behavior of normal and obese flies in response to exercise, diet, and other experimental conditions. In this paper, we propose an instrument, called “Fly Roller”, for exercising flies in biological experiments with or without measurement of metabolic rate. Fly Roller comprises two parts: a roller mechanism and a controller circuit. The roller mechanism supports and slowly rotates a plastic tube containing fruit flies, which reflexively walk along the inner wall of the tube. When metabolic measurements are desired, a gas analyzer can be coupled to a modified tube design with air valves at the ends of the tube, allowing the air lines to remain stationary in low-friction bearings while the tube containing the flies is rotated.
Miscellaneous
Almawzan, Rasheed; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner; Dasgupta, Aritra; Halder, Dipal; Rahman, Md Moshiur; Merugu, Maneesh; Amberiadis, Kostas; Ray, Sandip; Bhunia, Swarup
OASIS: A Layered IP Protection Framework for Structured ASIC Miscellaneous
2023.
@misc{Almawzan2023OASIS,
title = {OASIS: A Layered IP Protection Framework for Structured ASIC},
author = {Rasheed Almawzan and Reiner Dizon-Paradis and Aritra Dasgupta and Dipal Halder and Md Moshiur Rahman and Maneesh Merugu and Kostas Amberiadis and Sandip Ray and Swarup Bhunia},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
abstract = {Due to globalization and inexpensive labor, electronics companies are heavily relying on third-party sources for most of the fabrication process, including new technologies like structured ASIC. Consequently, IP designers have considered a zero-trust model, where the attacker is assumed to have access to IP design at any stage. However, the existing body of work has not addressed shortcomings in structured ASIC and is only designed against a small subset of attack surfaces. In this work, we propose a multi-layered approach for protecting confidentiality and integrity attacks using a synergistic combination of countermeasures over two abstraction levels to address this issue in structured ASIC. The shortcoming of any countermeasure is rectified by the other security mechanisms in the proposed approach. The layered approach in the proposed approach also makes the implementation suitable for structured ASIC, where the unused resources in configurable logic blocks are utilized to minimize overhead costs.},
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Due to globalization and inexpensive labor, electronics companies are heavily relying on third-party sources for most of the fabrication process, including new technologies like structured ASIC. Consequently, IP designers have considered a zero-trust model, where the attacker is assumed to have access to IP design at any stage. However, the existing body of work has not addressed shortcomings in structured ASIC and is only designed against a small subset of attack surfaces. In this work, we propose a multi-layered approach for protecting confidentiality and integrity attacks using a synergistic combination of countermeasures over two abstraction levels to address this issue in structured ASIC. The shortcoming of any countermeasure is rectified by the other security mechanisms in the proposed approach. The layered approach in the proposed approach also makes the implementation suitable for structured ASIC, where the unused resources in configurable logic blocks are utilized to minimize overhead costs.
Masna, Naren Vikram Raj; Kalavakonda, Rohan Reddy; Dizon, Reiner; Bhuniaroy, Anamika; Mandal, Soumyajit; Bhunia, Swarup
The Smart Mask: Active Closed-Loop Protection against Airborne Pathogens Miscellaneous
2020.
@misc{Masna2020Smart,
title = {The Smart Mask: Active Closed-Loop Protection against Airborne Pathogens},
author = {Naren Vikram Raj Masna and Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda and Reiner Dizon and Anamika Bhuniaroy and Soumyajit Mandal and Swarup Bhunia},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.10420},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2008.10420},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
publisher = {arXiv},
abstract = {Face masks provide effective, easy-to-use, and low-cost protection against airborne pathogens or infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2. There is a wide variety of face masks available on the market for various applications, but they are all passive in nature, i.e., simply act as air filters for the nasal passage and/or mouth. In this paper, we present a new "active mask" paradigm, in which the wearable device is equipped with smart sensors and actuators to both detect the presence of airborne pathogens in real time and take appropriate action to mitigate the threat. The proposed approach is based on a closed-loop control system that senses airborne particles of different sizes close to the mask and then makes intelligent decisions to reduce their concentrations. This paper presents a specific implementation of this concept in which the on-board controller determines ambient air quality via a commercial particulate matter sensor, and if necessary activates a piezoelectric actuator that generates a mist spray to load these particles, thus causing them to fall to the ground. The proposed system communicates with the user via a smart phone application that provides various alerts, including notification of the need to recharge and/or decontaminate the mask prior to reuse. The application also enables a user to override the on-board control system and manually control the mist generator if necessary. Experimental results from a functional prototype demonstrate significant reduction in airborne particulate counts near the mask when the active protection system is enabled.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Face masks provide effective, easy-to-use, and low-cost protection against airborne pathogens or infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2. There is a wide variety of face masks available on the market for various applications, but they are all passive in nature, i.e., simply act as air filters for the nasal passage and/or mouth. In this paper, we present a new “active mask” paradigm, in which the wearable device is equipped with smart sensors and actuators to both detect the presence of airborne pathogens in real time and take appropriate action to mitigate the threat. The proposed approach is based on a closed-loop control system that senses airborne particles of different sizes close to the mask and then makes intelligent decisions to reduce their concentrations. This paper presents a specific implementation of this concept in which the on-board controller determines ambient air quality via a commercial particulate matter sensor, and if necessary activates a piezoelectric actuator that generates a mist spray to load these particles, thus causing them to fall to the ground. The proposed system communicates with the user via a smart phone application that provides various alerts, including notification of the need to recharge and/or decontaminate the mask prior to reuse. The application also enables a user to override the on-board control system and manually control the mist generator if necessary. Experimental results from a functional prototype demonstrate significant reduction in airborne particulate counts near the mask when the active protection system is enabled.
PhD Theses
Dizon-Paradis, Reiner N.
Pasteables: Collaborative, Reconfigurable, and Modular Plug-and-Play Edge IoT Sensing and Feedback Platform PhD Thesis
2023.
@phdthesis{DizonParadis2023PhDThesis,
title = {Pasteables: Collaborative, Reconfigurable, and Modular Plug-and-Play Edge IoT Sensing and Feedback Platform},
author = {Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-12-06},
urldate = {2023-12-06},
abstract = {The explosive growth of the ownership of IoT devices coincides with the rise of many industries in the consumer market. However, these existing product selections on the market offer little or no reconfigurability options and require a complete device replacement for upgrades, changes, or repairs. An affordable and reconfigurable IoT platform can help address this problem to sustainably grow these sectors, such as fitness, athletics, medicine, and environmental tracking. This work in this dissertation introduces a new design paradigm and class of edge IoT devices called Pasteables. It is a collaborative, modular, and reconfigurable IoT platform that uses stick-and-peel hardware construction. This platform can self-organize in order to self-regulate its power and networking requirements. The modularity of this platform is demonstrated by its ability to host a wide range of IoT components using custom interconnection routing, a wrapper circuit, and a uniform connector interface to create plug-and-play IoT systems for wide-ranging use cases. The platform enables the design, reconfiguration, and integration of these custom IoT solutions. The hardware customizability of the Pasteables platform mitigates the effect of planned obsolescence, which limits the use of older devices. This feature is demonstrated through the implementation of this platform in diverse applications: foot activity monitoring and feedback, pose and posture monitoring, closed-loop fitness and athletics feedback, and light pollution tracking.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
The explosive growth of the ownership of IoT devices coincides with the rise of many industries in the consumer market. However, these existing product selections on the market offer little or no reconfigurability options and require a complete device replacement for upgrades, changes, or repairs. An affordable and reconfigurable IoT platform can help address this problem to sustainably grow these sectors, such as fitness, athletics, medicine, and environmental tracking. This work in this dissertation introduces a new design paradigm and class of edge IoT devices called Pasteables. It is a collaborative, modular, and reconfigurable IoT platform that uses stick-and-peel hardware construction. This platform can self-organize in order to self-regulate its power and networking requirements. The modularity of this platform is demonstrated by its ability to host a wide range of IoT components using custom interconnection routing, a wrapper circuit, and a uniform connector interface to create plug-and-play IoT systems for wide-ranging use cases. The platform enables the design, reconfiguration, and integration of these custom IoT solutions. The hardware customizability of the Pasteables platform mitigates the effect of planned obsolescence, which limits the use of older devices. This feature is demonstrated through the implementation of this platform in diverse applications: foot activity monitoring and feedback, pose and posture monitoring, closed-loop fitness and athletics feedback, and light pollution tracking.
Bachelor Theses
Dizon, Reiner
Efficient Image Coding and Transmission in Deep Space Communication Bachelor Thesis
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2018, (Undergraduate Honors Thesis).
@bachelorthesis{Dizon2018Efficient,
title = {Efficient Image Coding and Transmission in Deep Space Communication},
author = {Reiner Dizon},
url = {https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/honors_theses/31/},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-01},
urldate = {2018-04-01},
school = {University of Nevada, Las Vegas},
abstract = {The usefulness of modern digital communication comes from ensuring the data from a source arrives to its destination quickly and correctly. To meet these demands, communication protocols employ data compression and error detection/correction to ensure compactness and accuracy of the data, especially for critical scientific data which requires the use of lossless compression. For example, in deep space communication, information received from satellites to ground stations on Earth come in huge volumes captured with high precision and resolution by space mission instruments, such as Hubble Space Telescope (HST). On-board implementation of communication protocols poses numerous constraints and demands on the high performance given the criticality of data and a high cost of a space mission, including data values. The objectives of this study are to determine which data compression techniques yields the a) minimum data volumes, b) most error resilience, and c) utilize the least amount and power of hardware resources. For this study, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) will serve as the main component for building the circuitry for each source coding technique. Furthermore, errors are induced based on studies of reported errors rates in deep space communication channels to test for error resilience. Finally, the calculation of resource utilization of the source encoder determines the power and computational usage. Based on the analysis of the error resilience and the characteristics of errors, the requirements to the channel coding are formulated.},
note = {Undergraduate Honors Thesis},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {bachelorthesis}
}
The usefulness of modern digital communication comes from ensuring the data from a source arrives to its destination quickly and correctly. To meet these demands, communication protocols employ data compression and error detection/correction to ensure compactness and accuracy of the data, especially for critical scientific data which requires the use of lossless compression. For example, in deep space communication, information received from satellites to ground stations on Earth come in huge volumes captured with high precision and resolution by space mission instruments, such as Hubble Space Telescope (HST). On-board implementation of communication protocols poses numerous constraints and demands on the high performance given the criticality of data and a high cost of a space mission, including data values. The objectives of this study are to determine which data compression techniques yields the a) minimum data volumes, b) most error resilience, and c) utilize the least amount and power of hardware resources. For this study, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) will serve as the main component for building the circuitry for each source coding technique. Furthermore, errors are induced based on studies of reported errors rates in deep space communication channels to test for error resilience. Finally, the calculation of resource utilization of the source encoder determines the power and computational usage. Based on the analysis of the error resilience and the characteristics of errors, the requirements to the channel coding are formulated.
Patents
Bhunia, Swarup; Dizon, Reiner; Kalavakonda, Rohan Reddy; SLPSK, Patanjali; Vega, Christopher
2024, (U.S. Patent No. 12,123,912).
@patent{ReconfigJTAG2024,
title = {Reconfigurable JTAG Architecture for Implementation of Programmable Hardware Security Features in Digital Designs},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Reiner Dizon and Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda and Patanjali SLPSK and Christopher Vega},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US12123912B2/},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-10-22},
urldate = {2024-01-01},
abstract = {reconfigurable blocks (RBs), and a reconfigurable block (RB) programming module. The RBs may include, in part, one or more reconfigurable boundary scan chain blocks (RBB) adapted to couple the boundary scan chain cell to the core logic and to input/output (I/O) ports of the reconfigurable JTAG. The RBs may also include, in part, one or more additional reconfigurable logic (ARL) blocks to provide enhanced logic for locking operations. The RB programmable module may communicate with a memory storing data for configuring the RBBs and ARLs. The RB programming module may configure the RBBs and ARLs based at least in part on the data stored in the memory to disable access to the I/O ports of the JTAG. The RB programming module may configure the RBBs to encrypt the I/O ports in accordance with a cipher algorithm. The RB programming module may also configure the RBBs and ARLs to compare a counter's count to a predefined time and lock the I/O ports after an expiration of the predefined time.},
note = {U.S. Patent No. 12,123,912},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
reconfigurable blocks (RBs), and a reconfigurable block (RB) programming module. The RBs may include, in part, one or more reconfigurable boundary scan chain blocks (RBB) adapted to couple the boundary scan chain cell to the core logic and to input/output (I/O) ports of the reconfigurable JTAG. The RBs may also include, in part, one or more additional reconfigurable logic (ARL) blocks to provide enhanced logic for locking operations. The RB programmable module may communicate with a memory storing data for configuring the RBBs and ARLs. The RB programming module may configure the RBBs and ARLs based at least in part on the data stored in the memory to disable access to the I/O ports of the JTAG. The RB programming module may configure the RBBs to encrypt the I/O ports in accordance with a cipher algorithm. The RB programming module may also configure the RBBs and ARLs to compare a counter's count to a predefined time and lock the I/O ports after an expiration of the predefined time.
Bhunia, Swarup; Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Dizon, Reiner; Harley, Joel B.; Ray, Sandip; SLPSK, Patanjali; Vega, Christopher
Smart Infrastructures and First-Responder Network for Security and Safety Hazards Patent
2024, (U.S. Patent No. 12,024,201).
@patent{SAINT2024,
title = {Smart Infrastructures and First-Responder Network for Security and Safety Hazards},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Prabuddha Chakraborty and Reiner Dizon and Joel B. Harley and Sandip Ray and Patanjali SLPSK and Christopher Vega},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US12024201B2/},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-07-02},
abstract = {Disclosed are various embodiments related to coordinated monitoring and responding to an emergency situation at a building structure as a supplement to a traditional emergency response. In some embodiments, a system comprises a computing device that is configured to receive sensor data from a sensor network. The sensor network includes monitoring units that monitor various locations of an infrastructure. The computing device determines an occurrence of an emergency event at a location in the infrastructure using an anomaly detector model based at least in part on the sensor data. A hybrid mobile unit is instructed by the computing device to navigate to the location of the emergency event. The hybrid mobile unit is configured to provide mobile sensor data associated with the location to confirm the emergency event.},
note = {U.S. Patent No. 12,024,201},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
Disclosed are various embodiments related to coordinated monitoring and responding to an emergency situation at a building structure as a supplement to a traditional emergency response. In some embodiments, a system comprises a computing device that is configured to receive sensor data from a sensor network. The sensor network includes monitoring units that monitor various locations of an infrastructure. The computing device determines an occurrence of an emergency event at a location in the infrastructure using an anomaly detector model based at least in part on the sensor data. A hybrid mobile unit is instructed by the computing device to navigate to the location of the emergency event. The hybrid mobile unit is configured to provide mobile sensor data associated with the location to confirm the emergency event.
Bhunia, Swarup; Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Difuntorum, Parker; Dizon, Reiner; SLPSK, Patanjali; Vega, Christopher
Drone-based Administration of Remotely Located Instruments and Gadgets Patent
2024, (U.S. Patent No. 11,978,023).
@patent{DARLING2024,
title = {Drone-based Administration of Remotely Located Instruments and Gadgets},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Prabuddha Chakraborty and Parker Difuntorum and Reiner Dizon and Patanjali SLPSK and Christopher Vega},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US11978023B2},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-05-07},
urldate = {2024-01-01},
abstract = {The present disclosure describes various embodiments of systems, apparatuses, and methods for drone-based administration of remotely located devices. One such method comprises deploying an unmanned aerial vehicle from a base station, wherein the base station assigns a maintenance order to the unmanned aerial vehicle for servicing of a remote device, traveling, by the unmanned aerial vehicle, to the location of the remote device, authenticating, by the unmanned aerial vehicle, a valid identification of the remote device; upon the remote device being authenticated by the unmanned aerial vehicle, servicing the remote device by at least charging a power supply of the remote device and transferring contents of a device log to the unmanned aerial vehicle; and after completing the servicing of the remote device; returning to the base station and transferring contents of the device log to the base station.},
note = {U.S. Patent No. 11,978,023},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
The present disclosure describes various embodiments of systems, apparatuses, and methods for drone-based administration of remotely located devices. One such method comprises deploying an unmanned aerial vehicle from a base station, wherein the base station assigns a maintenance order to the unmanned aerial vehicle for servicing of a remote device, traveling, by the unmanned aerial vehicle, to the location of the remote device, authenticating, by the unmanned aerial vehicle, a valid identification of the remote device; upon the remote device being authenticated by the unmanned aerial vehicle, servicing the remote device by at least charging a power supply of the remote device and transferring contents of a device log to the unmanned aerial vehicle; and after completing the servicing of the remote device; returning to the base station and transferring contents of the device log to the base station.
Bhunia, Swarup; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner; Toussaint, R. James
Iot-based podiatric activity tracking and recommendation system Patent
2024, (US Patent App. No. 18/621,216).
@patent{SAFER2024,
title = {Iot-based podiatric activity tracking and recommendation system},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Reiner Dizon-Paradis and R. James Toussaint},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US20240335138A1/},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
urldate = {2024-01-01},
abstract = {Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a portable podiatric activity tracking system for monitoring the neuromuscular gait, stance, and/or performance related to the feet of an end user. Embodiments are configured to receive, by a podiatric data central (PODAC) module, podiatry data associated with a respective foot of the end user. The podiatry data is generated at least in part by podiatry-related sensors associated with respective movable podiatry trackers (MOPTs). Embodiments can also generate, based at least in part on the podiatry data, summary data related to foot activity related to the end user. Embodiments can transmit the summary data to an end device associated with the end user. A mobile software application associated with the end device can generate active feedback based at least in part on the summary data, where the active feedback is configured to encourage or discourage the foot activity related to the end user.},
note = {US Patent App. No. 18/621,216},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a portable podiatric activity tracking system for monitoring the neuromuscular gait, stance, and/or performance related to the feet of an end user. Embodiments are configured to receive, by a podiatric data central (PODAC) module, podiatry data associated with a respective foot of the end user. The podiatry data is generated at least in part by podiatry-related sensors associated with respective movable podiatry trackers (MOPTs). Embodiments can also generate, based at least in part on the podiatry data, summary data related to foot activity related to the end user. Embodiments can transmit the summary data to an end device associated with the end user. A mobile software application associated with the end device can generate active feedback based at least in part on the summary data, where the active feedback is configured to encourage or discourage the foot activity related to the end user.
Bhunia, Swarup; Paul, Shubhra Deb; Difuntorum, Parker; Dizon, Reiner; SLPSK, Patanjali; Vega, Christopher
Defense of JTAG I/O Network Patent
2023, (U.S. Patent No. 11,856,096).
@patent{DJIN2023,
title = {Defense of JTAG I/O Network},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Shubhra Deb Paul and Parker Difuntorum and Reiner Dizon and Patanjali SLPSK and Christopher Vega},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US11856096B2},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-12-26},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
abstract = {An integrated circuit includes, in part, a key management unit configured to generate a seeding key during a start-up phase, an encryption module configured to encrypt data using the seeding key and deliver the encrypted data to a second integrated circuit, and an encoder configured to encode the seeding key and deliver the encoded seeding key to the second IC. The second integrated circuit includes, in part, a decoder configured to decode the seeding key. Each of the integrated circuits further includes, in part, a linear-feedback shift register that receives the same clock signals and loads the seeding key.},
note = {U.S. Patent No. 11,856,096},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
An integrated circuit includes, in part, a key management unit configured to generate a seeding key during a start-up phase, an encryption module configured to encrypt data using the seeding key and deliver the encrypted data to a second integrated circuit, and an encoder configured to encode the seeding key and deliver the encoded seeding key to the second IC. The second integrated circuit includes, in part, a decoder configured to decode the seeding key. Each of the integrated circuits further includes, in part, a linear-feedback shift register that receives the same clock signals and loads the seeding key.
Bhunia, Swarup; Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner
Framework for sustainable recharging of battery electric vehicles with near-perpetual mobility Patent
2023, (U.S. Patent App. No. 18/297,436).
@patent{SAVIOR2023,
title = {Framework for sustainable recharging of battery electric vehicles with near-perpetual mobility},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Prabuddha Chakraborty and Reiner Dizon-Paradis},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230331113A1},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2022-00-00},
abstract = {Various embodiments of the present disclosure address technical challenges related to the battery-related constraints of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Various embodiments described herein provide an innovative framework for replenishing BEV batteries on-the-go with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile charging stations (MoCS). That is, various embodiments include a mobile multi-modality recharging framework including vehicles and apparatuses configured to provide and/or receive mobile multi-modality recharging, methods for performing and/or configuring mobile multi-modality recharging, computer program products for performing operations for mobile multi-modality recharging, and/or the like. Further, various embodiments described herein provide battery replacement systems and battery storage systems that may be implemented by a BEV or a vehicle receiving mobile multi-modality recharging.},
note = {U.S. Patent App. No. 18/297,436},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
Various embodiments of the present disclosure address technical challenges related to the battery-related constraints of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Various embodiments described herein provide an innovative framework for replenishing BEV batteries on-the-go with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile charging stations (MoCS). That is, various embodiments include a mobile multi-modality recharging framework including vehicles and apparatuses configured to provide and/or receive mobile multi-modality recharging, methods for performing and/or configuring mobile multi-modality recharging, computer program products for performing operations for mobile multi-modality recharging, and/or the like. Further, various embodiments described herein provide battery replacement systems and battery storage systems that may be implemented by a BEV or a vehicle receiving mobile multi-modality recharging.
Almawzan, Rasheed; Bhattacharyay, Aritra; Bhunia, Swarup; Dasgupta, Aritra; Dizon-Paradis, Reiner
Multi-layered framework for security of integrated circuits Patent
2023, (UF Patent App. No. 18/327,342).
@patent{OASIS2023,
title = {Multi-layered framework for security of integrated circuits},
author = {Rasheed Almawzan and Aritra Bhattacharyay and Swarup Bhunia and Aritra Dasgupta and Reiner Dizon-Paradis},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230394122A1},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2022-00-00},
abstract = {Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a multi-layered framework for security of integrated circuits. In one example, an embodiment provides for removing one or more routing tables in a Register Transfer Level (RTL) source code that models a design for an SoC via a hardware description language, comprising replacing the one or more routing tables in the RTL source code with respective programmable memory, transforming a state space of one or more embedded state machines in the RTL source code, transforming one or more portions of combinational logic in the RTL source code, and/or removing one or more portions of security-critical logic in the RTL source code, comprising replacing the one or more portions of security-critical logic in the RTL source code with respective lookup tables.},
note = {UF Patent App. No. 18/327,342},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a multi-layered framework for security of integrated circuits. In one example, an embodiment provides for removing one or more routing tables in a Register Transfer Level (RTL) source code that models a design for an SoC via a hardware description language, comprising replacing the one or more routing tables in the RTL source code with respective programmable memory, transforming a state space of one or more embedded state machines in the RTL source code, transforming one or more portions of combinational logic in the RTL source code, and/or removing one or more portions of security-critical logic in the RTL source code, comprising replacing the one or more portions of security-critical logic in the RTL source code with respective lookup tables.
Bhunia, Swarup; Chakraborty, Prabuddha; Difuntorum, Parker; Dizon, Reiner; Kalavakonda, Rohan Reddy
Learning-Rooted IoT Platform Patent
2023, (U.S. Patent App. No. 17/863,172).
@patent{UFLIP2023,
title = {Learning-Rooted IoT Platform},
author = {Swarup Bhunia and Prabuddha Chakraborty and Parker Difuntorum and Reiner Dizon and Rohan Reddy Kalavakonda},
url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230029652A1},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
abstract = {Embodiments provide for a learning-rooted IoT platform. In example embodiments, a plug-and-play base pad apparatus includes one or more ports, each configured for hosting a pluggable component. The plug-and-play base pad apparatus further includes one or more of an administration chip or a microcontroller configured to control the apparatus and the one or more ports. The plug-and-play base pad apparatus further includes a battery configured to power the apparatus. The plug-and-play base pad apparatus further includes a power management unit configured to monitor the battery and interface with charging mechanisms.},
note = {U.S. Patent App. No. 17/863,172},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {patent}
}
Embodiments provide for a learning-rooted IoT platform. In example embodiments, a plug-and-play base pad apparatus includes one or more ports, each configured for hosting a pluggable component. The plug-and-play base pad apparatus further includes one or more of an administration chip or a microcontroller configured to control the apparatus and the one or more ports. The plug-and-play base pad apparatus further includes a battery configured to power the apparatus. The plug-and-play base pad apparatus further includes a power management unit configured to monitor the battery and interface with charging mechanisms.